Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay Example for Free

Richard Wilbur Boy at the window Essay At the point when one is viewed as gullible, it has been thought to decide one as â€Å"having or demonstrating an absence of experience, judgment, or data; credulous† (www. word reference. com). In Richard Wilburs’ sonnet, Boy at the Window, Wilbur utilizes straightforward structure language to paint the picture of the kid gazing out the window at the snowman. In the start of the sonnet, Wilbur uncovers two characters, one a snowman and the other a little youngster. The two characters in the sonnet appear to have an association with one another, and may even view themselves as, companions. Maybe the kid may have assisted with building the snowman. One day during an approaching tempest, the kid peers outside the window and seems, by all accounts, to be scared for the snowman in light of the fact that the snowman has no sanctuary from the tempest â€Å"In nightfall and cold is beyond what he can bear† (Clugston, 2010). The kid fears for the snowman’s life in light of the fact that the kid understands the downpour will dissolve the snowman away. Anyway the snowman wouldn't like to come inside the warm house with the kid for dread he will dissolve and pass on. For this situation who is gullible, the kid or the snowman? Starting from the viewpoint of the kid gazing out the window, it is evident the kid feels powerless. The kid understands that a tempest is coming, â€Å"A night of snapping and gigantic moan†, (Clugston, 2010) which will in the long run wash away the snowman. At the point when the kid feels the snowman is going to bite the dust the young men feelings goes to one of hurt. The little youngster doesn't comprehend that the snowman needs the virus to endure, regardless of whether it implies demise when it downpours. The tone of the sonnet demonstrated that maybe the kid dreaded what the outside world held for the snowman, and the tempest heightened that. In one world, within, the kid felt â€Å"Such warmth, such light, such love, thus much fear† (Clugston, 2010). He needed the snowman to encounter a similar warmth as he did in light of the fact that the kid breathed easy because of his environmental factors and recognized what caused him to feel safe in his eyes. Then again, maybe the snowman felt compassion toward the little youngster. All things considered, the snowman appears to see how the kid is feeling. So the snowman cries a tear for the kid since he comprehends the kid cares very much about him, â€Å"He softens enough to drop from one delicate eye A stream of the most flawless downpour, a tear†, (Clugston, 2010). Since the snowman doesn't have a dread of the downpour, the snowman doesn't appear to comprehend that the tempest will make him liquefy away, as he is very alright with being outside neglected. While the snowman looks very agreeable outside, the snowman may not depict that feeling to the little youngster taking a gander at the snowman from his home. Generally speaking, the subject of the play says a lot about being credulous and confusion of review another persons’ life and how they decide to live it. This perspective that Wilbur attempted to hand-off to the peruser permitted me to concentrate all the more so on the snowman and how he needed to live than the kid. As people, one generally needs to change what they accept to not be right in the public eye without asking the person(s) on the off chance that they need the change. One ought to never decide how a person’s life ought to be lived dependent on how they are living there own life. Yet, this reality that we don't know about certain deliberately continuing misinterpretations doesn't just shape the picture of character, as comprised in the credulous and experience of regular daily existence, yet additionally impacts logical idea, (Ichheiser, 1943). Both are viewed as unpracticed about the basics of life and how the two of them lived. The kid breathed easy in light of accepting that if the snowman were protected by getting the snowman the house, the snowman would be spared. The snowman accepted that by remaining outside, no mischief would come to him and he was not the only one or scared of the approaching climate, since he didn't have anything to dread of living outside alone and in obscurity. The kid and the snowman lived two different lives, one that would never be coincided together as a result of the logical actuality that one character carried on with a chilly life and the other character carried on with a real existence where there was warmth.

5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms

5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms 5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms 5 Words and Their Nonantonymic Antonyms By Mark Nichol A few words seem, by all accounts, to be antonyms of different words since they comprise of one of those words went before by an antonymic prefix. Be that as it may, the feeling of the prefixed word might be just extraneously identified with the root word. Here are a few instances of such crisscrosses: 1. Trepidation/misunderstanding: The most widely recognized feeling of anxiety is of premonition (â€Å"A haze of fear wrapped her†), and it alludes to catch (â€Å"The worry of the suspect followed quickly†), however it likewise implies â€Å"perceiving or comprehending,† and it is this feeling applies in the antonym, which implies â€Å"misunderstanding.† (The root word, secure, is from the Latin word for â€Å"to seize or grasp†; fathom is connected, as is reprove truly, â€Å"to keep away from grasping† which implies â€Å"to disapprove.†) 2. Collusion/misalliance: A coalition (the root word, partner, comes from the Latin word for â€Å"to bind†) is a relationship between at least two gatherings. A misalliance is in fact characterized in the strict antonymic feeling of an unseemly association, however it is rarely utilized that way; it generally alludes to a marriage between bungled accomplices. (The French progenitor, mesalliance, is much increasingly explicit in meaning a person’s sentimental contact with somebody underneath them in social standing.) 3. Air/wrongdoing: Demeanor alludes to someone’s way or conduct, however wrongdoing is a legitimate term for a minor wrongdoing (however it can likewise conventionally mean just â€Å"an offense†). Coincidentally, disparage, from the Latin word for â€Å"lead,† is the once in a while utilized action word type of the previous. The disparage we for the most part utilize is a homonym meaning â€Å"to debase or put down† (from the German word for â€Å"to have in mind†). 4. Fortune/mishap: Fortune (from the Latin word for â€Å"chance† or â€Å"luck†) has three particular implications: â€Å"wealth,† â€Å"destiny,† or â€Å"luck.† Misfortune is antonymic just to the last sense; it doesn't allude to a lack of wealth or a nonattendance of destiny. 5. Giving/apprehension: Giving is the demonstration of offering something. A second thought, be that as it may, is a far fetched feeling about an approaching occasion. The two words get from a Scandinavian precursor, with a Latin close to related that implies â€Å"to have.† The uncommon action word structure misgive implies â€Å"to be fearful† or â€Å"to propose dread or doubt.† Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Has versus HadAnyone versus EveryoneWood versus Wooden

Follow the attachment and answer each question in it Essay

Follow the connection and answer each question in it - Essay Example The exacting picture was a high goals photo taken from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention site. The factorial structure type permitted the free factors to be controlled between four unique gatherings of school matured grown-ups at a state funded college inside the United States. The reasons for this examination were to propel information on structure components which further upgrade the adequacy and impact of printed instruction materials. The examination theory was that the persuasive power of printed instruction materials would be expanded through reliably doling out office to the infection; implying that human lack of involvement would cause perusers to consider the infection a predator searching out potential targets. It was conjectured this would uplift the wellbeing danger of the infection and saw defenselessness to the danger. So as to accomplish an elevated level of exploratory control in this examination study members were appointed to one of four conditions and in each condition members got a solitary page of printed instruction material that was connected. The single page actuality sheet was conveyed alongside a survey. The lucidness levels of the human and influenza organization adaptations were determined utilizing five unique recipes from an online score device and the normal evaluation levels for comprehensibility were 8.2 and 8.6 guaranteeing that meaningfulness was comparable over the gatherings. Thirteen semantic differential things were utilized to decide the members view of the believability of the reality sheets. A memory based control check was joined with five inquiries concerning what the members had perused explicitly as a record of the members affectability to the etymological language control. Seven Likert type things surveyed members impression of their vulnerability to the infection, H1N1 and their view of the antibody; their full of feeling

American graffit

Film survey of American Graffiti American Graffiti shows the life in mid 1960s and it's made by George Lucas in 1973. The film shows a late spring night which occurred in a modest community called Modesto in California and it depicts the experience night about the young people who were moved on from secondary school. There are four principle characters in the film called Curt, John, Terry and Steven. It's depict an actual existence toward the finish of the mid year in an unassuming community called Modesto in 1962. There was a night about the four closest companions and they were moved on from the high school.Curt and Steven chose to leave the town and moved to another spots and Curt got the grant from the nearby school, however he had the another however about leaving. At the point when Curt was in the vehicle, he saw a delightful young lady with light hair and drive a T-Bird said † I love you† to him, he was so energized and needed to discover the young lady while he at tempted to escape from the pack. At long last, he approached the Wolfman for help, the Wolfman report what Curt needed to state and the young lady called him.Steven was the class president, he additionally needed to leave the town however it implies e expected to leave his young lady companion called Laurie who was the head of team promoter and Curt's sister, at that night, they attempted to converse with one another to take care of the issues. Simultaneously, Terry and John were voyage around the town at night, Terry got the vehicle from Steven and he got the sure to attempt to give a profound impact on Debbie. John, who is viewed as the best of the race with his yellow vehicle, he drove the vehicle with Carol who was a traveler by mistake.Bob Falfa needed to have a race with John since he intense he was the quickest in the town, however he lose the race. The qualities of this film is it shows the way of life in the mid 1960s, individuals can comprehended what's the life about arou nd then and it shows the choice about their eventual fate of these four individuals. For instance, Curt got the grant from the neighborhood secondary school, from the start he would not like to leave the town however steven convinced him to leave the town to see the world how huge was, Curt accepted steven said and chose to leave. The shortcoming of this film is included some viciousness and about the posse menace people.For model, he group in the neighborhood town saw Curt while he was sitting at their vehicle, they needed to menace Curt and did some terrible things with him. In the vehicle leave, they fght with Curt and John saw that to support Curt. A portion of the individuals would impersonation what they see on the TV or film, so it's bad for the young people. All in all, American Graffiti is a decent film for us, the story is interesting and it can pulled in more young people to watch it, let more individuals to know the way of life of early American life and after watch the film, individuals can settle on a decent choice about their future. american graffit By cyiu

Does Living in a Same Sex Home Effect How a Child Will Grow Up

Winters 1 Jynai Winters 16 November 2012 Psychology 100 Sabrina Does Same-Sex child rearing influence a youngster? I pick this subject since I love kids and I don't prefer to see kids harming. I likewise pick it since I generally thought about whether it had any kind of effect if a youngster experiences childhood in a hetero home or living in gay home.Another motivation behind why I decide to do this theme is on the grounds that many individuals accept that gay guardians are not fit to rise their kids on the off chance that they originate from a hetero relationship be that as it may, they don't have any evidence that they are unfit for child rearing their kids and individuals don't care for the way that a kid is growing up around gay movement and they additionally accept that on the off chance that they grow up with a gay parent that they won't have decision about their sexuality.The soonest known thought regarding formative brain research was introduced by Jean Jacques Rousseau arou nd the late eighteenth century. Formative brain research considers the human development and improvement that happens all through the whole life expectancy. A great many people that reviews this field centers around one phase of advancement. There are seven phases of life that they could look over; they are Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Other Adults and Developmental Disabilities. To turn into a clinician you should win a Bachelors certificate in psychology.However you should have a Master's or doctoral before you begin filling in as a therapist. Most clinicians regularly work in schools and learning focuses. They could likewise work in emergency clinics, mental offices and nursing homes. They are even a couple of therapists that work at schools and for the administration as educators or to do perform investigate. Winters 2 A formative analyst compensation relies upon their preparation, geographic area and the work setting. Typically therapist m ake somewhere in the range of $69,007 and $90,326 a year.There are likewise those not many that make more than $101,088 every year. As a therapist a portion of their errand will included assessing kids to decide whether they have a formative incapacity, examining how language aptitudes are obtained, concentrating how good thinking creates in kids lastly investigating approaches to enable older people to stay free. Most developmentalists study and research relevant impacts that effect change, for example, financial conditions, culture, and genetics.There are numerous different changes that developmentalists study which are family, child rearing style, separate, companions, religion physical and mental maltreatment and instructive levels. My exploration will concentrate on the Boswell versus Boswell instance of 1998, the Bottoms versus Bottoms instance of 1995 and furthermore the Huggins meeting of 1989. I will likewise discuss the Wainright, Russell, and Patterson 2004 investigation, the King and Black investigation of 1994, the MacCallum and Golombok of 2004, Vanfraussen investigation of 2002, the Fulcher of 2008, lastly the Patterson investigation of 1992 and 2000.The first examination I will discuss is Huggins' 1989 and O'Connell of 1993. The little collection of research that has concentrated on pre-adult posterity of families headed by same-sex couples incorporates Huggins' (1989) investigation of 36 young people (13â€19 years old, 18 with separated from hetero moms and 18 with separated from lesbian moms), which revealed no distinctions in pre-adult confidence as a component of moms' sexual direction. In another early examination, O'Connell (1993) considered 11 youngsters and ladies, 16â€23 years old, were the posterity of separated or isolated lesbian mothers.Participants communicated solid love, dependability, and defense toward their moms and a craving for others to comprehend the advantages of having a lesbian mother. Members, be that as it may, likewise Winters 3 portrayed worries about losing companions, and some depicted endeavors to control data about their moms' sexual direction. These two examinations were about how the youngster felt after their folks separated. The Huggins' investigation announced that the youngsters that they had no distinction in their self-esteem.While the O’Connell study detailed that the kids demonstrated solid love, faithfulness and defense towards their mother's. In any case, the two investigations demonstrated that the youngsters lost companions and a few kids even attempted to shroud their mom's sexual direction. Wainright, Russell, and Patterson (2004) announced an investigation of family and relationship factors from one perspective, and youthful individual and social change on the other. They examined modification in an example of 44 adolescents (12â€18 years old) with same-sex guardians and a coordinated example of 44 youngsters with other gender parents.On a scope of psychos ocial results including burdensome side effects, uneasiness, and school alteration, Wainright and her partners found no noteworthy contrasts as an element of family type same-sex or other gender guardians. Among their discoveries they found that there were no huge impacts for family type on immature reports of sexual conduct or sentimental connections. Wainright and her partners did, be that as it may, find noteworthy relationship between parental impression of parentâ€adolescent relationship quality and juvenile school adjustment.Similar discoveries were accounted for misconduct, substance use, and exploitation by Wainright and Patterson (2006). The Wainright, Russell, and Patterson study discusses family and relationship versus pre-adult individual and social modification. The outcomes to the examination was that there was no huge distinction as a capacity as a family, there was likewise no huge impact for the family type with sexual conduct or sentimental relationship. Be that as it may, they found that there was distinction between parental discernment and school alteration. Winters 4The scarcely any negative discoveries for kids with two moms were obscure. Instructors in a Belgian report (Vanfraussen et al. , 2002) detailed more consideration and conduct issues for such youngsters (about a half standard deviation contrast), however this didn't coordinate instructors' appraisals of the kids' change, and neither the kids nor their moms agreed. A second increasingly conceivable finding was that such kids announced being prodded about their families more, however this addresses social objection to their folks' sexual character as opposed to their gender.Researchers reliably find that youngsters with lesbian guardians battle with homophobia among their companions, yet differ about whether these kids endure all the more prodding generally speaking or if the prodding centers around their folks' sexual personality (Bos et al. , 2008; Tasker ; Golombok, 1997; W ainright ; Patterson, 2008). The main clear negative finding showed up in the principal wave of the UK investigation of illegitimate families portrayed above (Golombok et al. , 1997).Six-year-old youngsters in mother-just families (regardless of whether lesbian or hetero) depicted themselves as less skilled genuinely and psychologically than their companions (0. 75 SD averaging the two), however the distinction vanished when the youngsters were met again 6 years after the fact (MacCallum ; Golombok, 2004). Since this examination didn't control for the quantity of guardians in mother-just families, it couldn't assist us with deciding if the nonattendance of a male parent or just of a subsequent parent added to the lower confidence the more youthful youngsters expressed.The Vanfraussen investigation of 2002 was one of the two investigations that show that the kids will get out of hand in the event that they live with a gay parent. In any case, when asked by the instructors they said t he youngster is a decent kid and doesn't act up, they asked their parent as well and they offer a similar response. So this examination is anything but a great report in light of the fact that their outcomes proved something contrary to what they expressed. Should a parent’s sexual personality be viewed as applicable in choosing a child’s best Winters 5 enthusiasm, for reasons for kid care and visitation?Answers to this inquiry have indicated huge fluctuation starting with one ward then onto the next. In certain states, for example, Massachusetts and California, parental sexual direction is viewed as unessential to care and appearance questions. In these states, an association, or nexus, must be shown between a parent’s sexual direction, from one perspective, and a negative result for the youngster, on the other. Since an association of this sort can be hard to build up, nexus rules have regularly brought about decisions positive for lesbian and gay parents.For occasion, in Boswell v. Boswell (1998), a Maryland appearance case, the court wouldn't constrain children’s appearance with their gay dad within the sight of his equivalent sex accomplice in light of the fact that there was no proof of damage to the kids from such appearance. The Boswell versus Boswell instance of 1998 a dad was restricted to see his kids in view of his sexuality, so he indicted his better half and the appointed authority concurred with him on the grounds that there was no proof that the youngster would be hurt as a result of their dad's sexuality. In a guardianship case including a lesbian mother ( Bottoms v.Bottoms, 1995), for instance, the Virginia Supreme Court repeated its prior holding that a lesbian mother isn't unfit as an issue of law however incorporated the mother’s sexual direction among factors considered to make her an unwanted parent. In this way, in certain states, lesbian and gay guardians must defeat formal or casual assumptions that their sexual personalities make them not exactly perfect guardians. With the instance of Bottoms versus Bottoms the appointed authority concurred in the kindness of the mother since her sexuality didn't make her unfit parent, it simply made her a bothersome parent.I know has nothing to do with a kid yet I simply needed to show how a parent is in some cases viewed as an unfit parent in view of their sexuality. Regarding this inclination, Patterson, who might later fill in as sole creator of the Winters 6 2005 APA Brief’s â€Å"Summary of Research Findings on Lesbian and Gay Families†, detailed: Despite the decent variety of gay and l

Research Proposal Writing Help - the Team of Qualified Professionals Is Going to Help You with Any Type of Papers

Research proposal. Writing help and when it is needed A research proposal is a very important paper for those, who are into science. You can have different reasons for writing it – whether you would like to win funding of the project you have or you are going to enter the university –in order to succeed, it should be written well. It doesn’t matter what your goal is, you need to present the problem you are going to solve, the methods you are going to use and the goals you are planning to reach. But sometimes even the best students have problems and it doesn’t really matter if you simply forgot about writing your research proposal because of family problems or were too busy with the current job. The reasons might be different, the solution is always one – to apply for professional writing help. Your future research proposal – we offer professional writing help First of all, let me introduce our writing service. We are the team of professionals in writing business that can complete any kind of an academic paper in a perfect way. Whether you need a research proposal or an essay – you have come to the right place. Unlike those fly-by-night companies, we are a professional organization with permanent staff. We are responsible for every order we take and guarantee that all our clients will be fully satisfied with the written papers. Our team of writers is the source of our pride. All of them have wide experience in writing academic papers and are professionals in their fields of science. Every author has passed a special test before starting a collaboration, has numerous papers done as well as lots of positive testimonials from thankful clients. Research proposal writing help. What if you meet troubles? We know what we deal with. Every academic paper you order is of great importance for us. If after placing the order you have some questions, was given some additional information to share with your writer or you are just curious about the progress of your research proposal writing, our online support team is ready to give you a helping hand 24/7. All the questions will be answered, all the problems will be solved – this permanent stability helps us to avoid all disputable situations. Just write the message or use the other way to contact us and you will get a quick answer. Research proposal writing help. Papers with zero plagiarism are our guarantee Of course, it is the guarantee of any writing service. But unlike others, our promise is true. We know what consequences plagiarism can have and it is our point of honor to give our clients papers that are totally free from any kind of plagiarism. Any paper that is bought from us is written from scratch, according to the client’s recommendations and demands. Research proposal writing help for the best value We never give lame promises that your paper will be written at fire-sale prices. There is no such thing as a free lunch. It is not a secret – professional writers should be paid well as no one wants to sell knowledge for nothing. But at the same time, the highest price isn’t the matter. Well-organized business gives us the possibility to afford the best services for the best prices. Don’t forget – buy nice or buy twice. Research proposal writing help is always in time Meeting deadline is another rule we always follow. We meet deadlines. Always. In any circumstances. We know how important it is for the client to get his paper in time. Some of them want to have spare time left for reading the delivered paper and others are always in a hurry and short of time, so their delivery date will be the day after tomorrow. It doesn’t really matter whether your deadline is in two days or in two weeks. Anyway, if you place an order and we accept it – be sure you will get your paper written perfectly with no plagiarism in time. What can be said in a conclusion? It is possible to describe the writing service in so many bright words but no advertisement will give you the real idea. We are just sure in outstanding results, so a lot of words aren’t needed. If you are stuck with your research proposal or any other kind of academic paper and it is clear that you can’t do without a writing help, just place the order and breathe out. The rest will be done by us. And after you get your paper ready and receive your perfect mark for it, you will surely recommend us to your friends!

The Unusual Details About Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples Most People Arent Aware Of

The Unusual Details About Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples Most People Aren't Aware Of The Basic Principles of Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples You Can Learn From Beginning Immediately You might think that this is a really long process only for developing the ideas which you will present. Any examples or support you provide ought to be about the topic accessible. Make certain to have permission from every parent before beginning any form of camera undertaking. Look at these sites for ideas. 10-11 year-old 5th graders are predicted in order to organize their ideas and structure sentences well. Write about a day you want to forget. Describe the ideal day. Write about your day in the life span of that individual. The Fight Against Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples Whatever you should finish your writing and receive an exemplary grade, you can get it right here. Do not be concerned, EssayPro is here in order to teach our students everything they will need to learn about c rafting an informative essay! Students need to understand how to compose persuasive essaysthis skill is critical since it's often tested. 1 approach to get students energized to review math is to make math partners that work with each other to solve what you've assigned them. Math worksheets for 5th graders comprise math problems on several different topics and provide the kids a chance to brush up on their math abilities. Some individuals wouldn't be able accept that the subject Math is straightforward. If you're feeling confident about your essay-writing abilities, you can definitely branch out into longer and more intricate essays. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills necessary for strong nonfiction writing. As always, The Teacher's Corner is searching for strategies to create your life simpler. Imagine your teacher is really your parent. If you would rather, you may ask the student to simplify. Students learn how to write effectively when they write more frequently. Who Else Wants to Learn About Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples? Students should be in a position to share their ideas with proper and efficient word choice and use a selection of different sentence structures. Fifth grade students utilize every phase of the writing procedure and continue to construct their understanding of writing conventions. In any event, you can choose from what angle that you want to approach the topic. The very first sentence is regarded as the opener as it introduces the topic and grabs the reader's interest. For instance, you can create a mind map by means of your thesis idea or even the entire thesis sentence in the center. Likewise, it has to be logically complete and express a particular idea. Top Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples Secrets This worksheet types are past the Common Core standards. Based on what standard you're working on, or wish to review, can guide your bag activity. A target point is the area of the thesis that you're aiming to prove. Thus, it's the very best choice to purchase from the stores immediately. The Essay Intro for 5th Grade Samples Game This paragraph is just one of the most crucial in our papers. These sentences express a few principal ideas that support the opinion in the very first sentence. Students are requested to indicate how a specific sentence may be corrected or improved or the way the organization or development of a paragraph may be strengthened. Inside this paragraph, the very first sentence should transition from the prior paragraph to the current one. The subsequent 5 paragraph essay template should inform you precisely what you should do to finish your assignment. After introducing your topic sentence, it's time to stick to the CCE format to craft the most crucial region of the essay. The thesis statement is the principal idea of the essay and it expresses what you would like to tell the reader in a couple of sentences. To be able to effectively complete the essay, an individual must develop an overall concluding statement.

Geologic Maps of the 50 United States

Discrimination Against African American Population

In our society, today there are various privileges given to everyone but one I chose to talk about was one dealing with a person’s name. Names are the beginning of discrimination against the African-American population because of the stereotypical so-called â€Å"black names†. This is a problem in today’s society because businesses that are hiring applicants can look at a name and automatically make the decision on if they want to give this person chance at an interview or not. For example, there are two applicants one with the name of Bethany and the Shaniqwa, they both have all the same credentials and the same abilities to be able to get the job done thoroughly, but the person hiring will hire Bethany based on her name. That is what it is like African-Americans in the workforce, whether people want to believe it or not. Discrimination can happen in many forms, and because corporations rather not be blatant with discrimination, they find other ways like this to discriminate. What do we go through to try and avoid discrimination? What can be done to stop the discrimination? These are some of the questions I hope to find answers to as I begin my research on the systemic privilege. â€Å"IN the 1980s, the Supreme Court substantially narrowed the reach and remedies of civil rights laws addressing employment discrimination. In 1989 the Court issued a series of decisions that constituted a body blow to the effort to secure equal employment opportunity. These decisions interpreted TitleShow MoreRelatedEssay on African American Minority Group822 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American Minority Group ETH/125 African American Minority Group Among many of the ethnic groups that experienced a combination of segregation, racism, and prejudice; African Americans is one of the few that is still faced with one or more forms of discrimination today. 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The roots of these laws were partly the prejudice against blacks and partly the desire to prevent any possible unity among theRead MoreRacial Injustice1340 Words   |  6 PagesTHE CRI ES AGAINST RACIAL INJUSTICE Racism is a bad thing, you find it everywhere in the schools, the clubs and also in the streets. Ââ€" Rasmus Casper The belief that one race by nature stands superior to another defines racism. Racism can be traced back to the beginning of civilization and has always existed as a horrible issue in our society. Many attempts and reforms have occurred in hopes of eliminating racism and much progress has been achieved. Yet, even after the emancipationRead MoreRace is Still a Factor in America Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesbeings who are considered to be African- American have made several outstanding achievements since the times of segregation; they have obtained the same suffrage rights, the same job opportunities, and many more privileges that were previously denied to them by their Caucasian counterparts. Though the people of African- American decent have come a long way since the early times of segregation, are they truly seen as equals to the people around them? Have African- Americans been able to obtain the equalityRead MoreRacism Affects Social and Economic Life1207 Words   |  5 Page sRACISM AFFECTS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE With growing technology and increasing population, world’s situation is changing day by day. Those changings bring both positive and negative norms for humanity. Increasing population force people to find places which are far away from their own cultural places and combined with other cultures in a small area. People usually prefer to live in cities which they can find their needs easily and have self improvement. Because of those reasons immigration

Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream...

Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but very close. One of the repetitions in his speech is â€Å"I have a dream.† He uses this phrase to show what he sees in the future of America. One of the phrases he uses with it is: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will and live out the true†¦show more content†¦One of the things he says to appeal to their emotions are, â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† (King, M. L. Jr. (1963, Aug.28) Para 12) He also says, â€Å"When will we be satisfied? We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.† (King, M. L. Jr. (1963, Aug.28) Para 9) Logos in M.L.K’s speech Logos means reason. Martin Luther King Jr. uses logos to show why he is delivering this speech and why he wants things to change. He is delivering this speech to show how many blacks and other races, that weren’t being treated equally, really didn’t have freedom like they should. â€Å"It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro.† (King, M. L. Jr. (1963, Aug.28) Para 6) â€Å"Instead of honoring the sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’† (King, M. L. Jr. (1963, Aug.28) Para 5) These quotes are just a couple of the logos quotes Martin Luther King said in his speech. Ethos in M.L.K’s speech Ethos means credibility. In this speech there are a lot of things Martin Luther King Jr. used to make it credible and trustworthy. He uses the Bible, the Gettysburg Address, andShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech852 Words   |  4 Pages I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To fur ther convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of theRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1409 Words   |  6 Pages More than 40 years ago, in August 1963, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. His soaring rhetoric demanding racial justice and an integrated society became a mantra for the black community and is as familiar to subsequent generations of Americans as the US Declaration of Independence. His words proved to be a touchstone for understanding the social and political upheaval of the timeRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as president which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the historic March in Washington in August 1963 effectively urged the US government to take actions and to finally set up equality between the black and white people in America. Although there were many factors that contributed to the success of the speech, it was primarily King’s masterly use of different rhetorical instruments that encouraged Kennedy and his team to take further steps towards racial equality. King effectivelyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on the audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. ItRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. Taylor ITT-Tech English 1320: Composition I November 12 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† These are the opening words of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream speech†, which he predicted will be the foundation of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream... Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (p.507). He was an activist and a major advocator of â€Å"non-violent resistance† who played a major role in the advancement of civil rights. The day Martin Luther delivered his unforgettable speech was also the 100th anniversary of Abraham†¦show more content†¦He also added that they should not judge all white people as bad by the wrong doings of â€Å"the marvelous new militancy,† indicating the good white people who joined the black community in their struggle. Further on, King tried to paint the miserable and awful conditions of the Negro people giving them hope that one day they would live in a land of freedom being treated fairly, and motivating them for the Civil Right Movement. The structure of King’s speech was manipulative that made the audience likely to agree with him and join his purpose. For this reason, it can be said that the speech’s structure was well-planned and organized that targeted the audience. There were also different types of appeals in the speech that helped to make it great. King used pathos, in which he conveyed emotional messages to the audience. The way he expressed the lives of the Negro people was touching even for those who were not victims of the discrimination. For example, he said, â€Å"†¦the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination.† Having said that, he tried to describe how unfortunate it was that the Negro people were still leading terrible lives and struck emotional values of both the white and black people. He alsoShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but veryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech852 Words   |  4 Pages I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To further convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of theRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I H ave a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1409 Words   |  6 Pages More than 40 years ago, in August 1963, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. His soaring rhetoric demanding racial justice and an integrated society became a mantra for the black community and is as familiar to subsequent generations of Americans as the US Declaration of Independence. His words proved to be a touchstone for understanding the social and political upheaval of the timeRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as president which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the historic March in Washington in August 1963 effectively urged the US government to take actions and to finally set up equality between the black and white people in America. Although there were many factors that contributed to the success of the speech, it was primarily King’s masterly use of different rhetorical instruments that encouraged Kennedy and his team to take further steps towards racial equality. King effectivelyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on the audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. ItRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. Taylor ITT-Tech English 1320: Composition I November 12 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† These are the opening words of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream speech†, which he predicted will be the foundation of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream... I Have A Dream is a mesmerizing speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. It was delivered to the thousands of Americans on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington. Aimed at the entire nation, King’s main purpose in this speech was to convince his audience to demand racial justice towards the mistreated African Americans and to stand up together for the rights afforded to African American under the Constitution. To further convey this purpose more effectively, King cleverly makes use of the rhetorical devices — ethos, pathos and logos — using figurative language such as metaphors and repetition as well as various other techniques e.g. organization, parallel construction and choice of title. In the preamble, King employs the†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the speech was targeted towards a variety of audiences and to effectively achieve the target audience, King uses first person plural, â€Å"we† on several occasions e.g. â€Å"But we refus e to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt†. By doing so, King is treating his diverse audience as a whole, as if they are one body that must help each other and making everybody feel equal. Plus, not only does this symbolizes brotherhood, but also gives King a reliable reputation. Subsequently, King exercises the strategy of pathos, the emotion appeal. In his statement, Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all God\s children. The great use of imagery with the contrast of light vs. dark here definitely draws audience’s attention. Moreover, by making references to the government as a Bank of Justice that gave African Americans a bad check, King describes the situation of the African American people. He proclaims that the Bank is not bank rupt and that it was time to cash the check. These metaphors are easy to understand and are something that the audience can relate to. Another appeal for pathos is King’s repetition and his reference to how African American people have no rights,Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1230 Words   |  5 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay on Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech Professor Hailemarkos Worke ENGL 102 Sefra Belay September 29, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis Essay In Washington DC, on August 28, 1963 was the day that Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech. According to Kennedy X.J., et al. in their book, The Brief Bedford Reader, Martin Luther King was an American Baptist minister who became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech724 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorical Analysis M.L.K â€Å"I have a dream† Speech On August 28th 1963, Civil Rights activist, Martin Luther King Jr. made his infamous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. In the speech, King confronts the mistreatment of the African American community and the lack of free will they contain in society. Throughout the mid-1900s, the Civil Rights Movement took place, influenced by centuries of cruelty towards the African Americans.. The most influential speech in the modern era was said in front of thousands ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech810 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King’s speech was made after the March on Washington on August 28, 1963. He delivered the â€Å"I Have a dream† speech on the Lincoln Memorial steps. He verbalized this speech to millions of people blacks and whites. This is one of the greatest speeches because it has many elements like repetition, assonance and consonance, pathos, logos, and ethos. Repetition in M.L.K.’s Speech Martin Luther King uses a lot of repetition in his speech. They are scattered throughout but veryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1409 Words   |  6 Pages More than 40 years ago, in August 1963, Martin Luther King electrified America with his momentous ‘I Have A Dream’ speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. His soaring rhetoric demanding racial justice and an integrated society became a mantra for the black community and is as familiar to subsequent generations of Americans as the US Declaration of Independence. His words proved to be a touchstone for understanding the social and political upheaval of the timeRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech987 Words   |  4 PagesIn a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully writtenRead More Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1751 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was made to thousands of people at the Washington Monument while facing the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Dr. King called upon Americas to consider all people, both black and white, to be united, undivided and free. His rhetoric harkened back a hundred years past when the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted during Abraham Lincoln’s term as president which abolished slavery and allowed all people living in America to be equal and have equalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the historic March in Washington in August 1963 effectively urged the US government to take actions and to finally set up equality between the black and white people in America. Although there were many factors that contributed to the succe ss of the speech, it was primarily King’s masterly use of different rhetorical instruments that encouraged Kennedy and his team to take further steps towards racial equality. King effectivelyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on the audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. ItRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. Taylor ITT-Tech English 1320: Composition I November 12 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† These are the opening words of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream speech†, which he predicted will be the foundation of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen working for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern

Why Do We Assign Violence A Gender - 1323 Words

Maisie McGregor Discursive Essay - Draft One Why do we assign violence a gender? â€Å"How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Emma Watson - UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, speaking at the UN Headquarters in New York on 20th September 2014 Imagine this – you’re lying on the bloodstained living room carpet in your flat in North London. Your partner has just stabbed you in the back of your thigh with a breadknife, following a row at the end of years of arguing and years of domestic abuse. Throughout the course of your marriage, you’ve been battered, bruised and broken so frequently that you’ve become accustomed to this abuse you’ve been subjected to on a daily†¦show more content†¦But, as is represented in the case of Lloyd Sinclair, I believe that while women are undervalued and treated as subordinate – domestic violence is an issue affecting both sexes. So is gender stereotyping - men are being denied the right to come forward as victims of abuse in the household – here’s why. Eighty five to ninety percent of the world’s convicted murderers are men. That means that around only one in ten are women. This figure should feel startling, but doesn’t – after all, aren’t men the more violent sex? Bear in mind, though, that over two thirds of all murder victims are men. In 2011, men were murdered at the rate of more than once a day. Men are more likely to become involved in gangs, drug related violence and street crime – but also more likely to be victims of it. While that probably isn’t likely to shock you at all, this might. In the years of 2011/2012, 40% of spousal murders in the United States were perpetrated by women. In the same year, more than 800,000 men were victims of domestic abuse. Now, the obvious question to ask is why domestic violence against men is underreported, and largely ignored by the general media. The answer always starts wit h the victim. When sociological theory arrived,

Persuasive Essay free essay sample

Did you know that students are now required to complete at least ten hours of community service in order to graduate? In order for students to have a more positive experience, school administrators should add more activities within the guidelines. Some activities that will give students a more positive experience are serving at food kitchens, disturbing gifts at salvation armies, and helping out at nursing homes. Community service should be a positive experience for all students. The first activity that should be included in the guidelines for community service is serving food at food kitchens. This activity will be positive for students because they’ll be helping to feed the homeless. Also students will be able to see the happiness they bring to others by giving back. This option should be added to the guidelines because it’s an amazing opportunity. Students are able to help others, which is something they’ll feel good about afterwards. With a baby being underweight at the time of birth could mean the baby’s lungs have not fully developed which would lead to their first few days or weeks of life on a respirator to help the baby breath. However, after the baby has the ability to breathe their still susceptible to asthma. The combined effect of premature delivery and low birth rate has shown ten percent of these babies suffer from Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is when their lungs have not developed a normal surface tact coating and the air sacs collapse. One of the most serious effects and risks of smoking while pregnant is ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus. In all cases the baby will not live if this occurs there are not enough nutrients for a fetus to survive anywhere besides the womb. When the detection of an ectopic pregnancy is confirmed, it is treated through medication and surgery. In both cases it is termination of the baby to prevent possible death of both the baby and mother. Placental abruption is another occurrence that happens from smoking during pregnancy. It is the separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus. The baby is deprived of oxygen and nutrients when a placental abruption is detected. The mother can also experience life-threatening bleeding. A stillbirth is the death of a fetus that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It is also an occurrence that can happen from smoking during pregnancy. Stillbirth can be very painful emotionally because the baby still has to be delivered. After the pregnancy is over, and the baby has been delivered, the smoking may have still caused damage to the baby. Smoking during a pregnancy can have an effect on the baby’s brain. Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are likely to have learning disorders, behavioral problems and relatively low IQ’s. Children of smokers also have less muscle mass and fatter than a child of a non- smoker. Cleft is a gap in the body structure that results from incomplete closing of a specific structure during development. Clefts that occur from smoking during pregnancy usually occur orally. Cleft lip is a complete opening at the lip extending into the bottom of the nose. Cleft palate is an opening at the front roof of the mouth extending to the back of the mouth. Smoking during pregnancy can also cause babies to be born prematurely. Premature birth is a serious health problem. Long-lasting disabilities such as breathing problems, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, lung problems, hearing, and vision loss are health problems that can occur from premature birth. Mothers who smoke during and after pregnancy are more likely of losing their babies to SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). SIDS is the sudden unexplained death of an infant younger than one year of age. Occurring without warning, SIDS can happen to babies who seem perfectly normal. In conclusion, once a baby is born with damages caused by smoking, it is too late. There is a lifetime of regret on the mother and the suffering of the child can be tremendous. Women should quit smoking before their baby is conceived. The sooner a woman quits smoking, the better her chances are of having a healthier pregnancy for herself and the baby. To quit smoking is a hard task to do, but the awareness of the effects of smoking during a pregnancy should persuade a woman to quit smoking before, during and after the pregnancy.

Marijuana Position Paper free essay sample

The legalization of Marijuana for medical purposes or even entirely has been hotly debated for some time now. More and more states are passing voter approved bills to legalize the cultivation and use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. One, state, Colorado has even legalized it completely. The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is in the best interest of the people of the United States. The use of medical marijuana is much more effective and much less toxic to the body than many other pharmaceuticals from the big drug companies. Legalization brings in a significant amount of revenue by way of tax income to the government, much of which is used to fund public schools. Those opposed to the legalization of marijuana say that it is a gateway drug to other harder drugs and should not be legalized. Those opposed to the legalization cite many studies that have findings consistent with the proposition that marijuana is a gate way drug. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is interesting however that most of these studies are done by conservative groups or groups that in some way support the large drug companies. There can be no way to accurately conduct an experiment into whether marijuana and the use of it will lead to the use of other drugs. There are so many other societal factors that come into play when looking at the drug problem in the United States, that to say it is due to marijuana use is a stretch at best. Physicians that are willing to go out on a limb and support the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes cite huge successes with its use in certain situation and with certain medical conditions such as cancer and glaucoma (Tullo, P. 84). Physicians have reported huge success when it comes to treating a whole host of ailments and applaud the fact that some people can move away from harder prescription drugs. The use and abuse of prescription drugs is a much bigger problem in society than the use of marijuana. Those in the medical community that are willing to be honest and open about the risks of marijuana to the body as opposed to the risk of harder narcotics, will almost always choose marijuana for their patients (Hart, P. A17). Legalizing marijuana is also a great income source for the government. Tax dollars in states that have legalized and regulated marijuana are reaching staggering figures. In a time when so many state governments are on the brink of collapse, marijuana would be a tremendous boost to the state coffers with very little down side risk. Colorado for example has earmarked the first $40 million dollars of tax revenue every year to help public schools. Marijuana for medicinal purposes is much less addictive and much less toxic to the body than other opiates and harder prescription drugs. Marijuana can also bring hundreds of millions of dollars in tax revenue to state governments, many of which are in dire straights economically and could use the type of boost that this income source would be able to provide. The people that oppose the legalization of marijuana use old fashioned rhetoric to try and scare people into thinking that marijuana is nothing but a gate way drug used by criminals. This argument is unfounded and outdated. The pros of legalization of marijuana so far outweigh the cons that more and more states are getting voter approval. The people are continuing to speak so it is time for everybody to listen. Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes.

Sample Essay With Footnotes

Sample Essay With FootnotesA sample essay with footnotes, MLA, is a student's first introduction to the requirements of the course. It should give you a good sense of what is expected from you as a student. However, it also has its own place in preparing for your own sample essays. When students have an understanding of what these requirements are, they can prepare for them ahead of time and make the process that much easier.A sample essay with footnotes is not always written in MLA. In fact, it is not required. The requirements for this style of essay are more about the style of writing than the content. In some cases, the student will be required to show more writing skills than a typical MLA type essay.The idea behind using a sample essay with footnotes is to show the student how a better essay will look like. As such, it should reflect on the topics that are covered in the course. They should be short and to the point. Students should remember to have fun while studying.Footnotes are written in a more casual and informal tone. In order to get the style right, it is important that the essay is presented in a manner that students can immediately identify as being a writing sample. It should be interesting and engaging. Students should look forward to having the essay with footnotes in class.There are many resources available to help students learn the nuances of a sample essay with footnotes. Some are offered by the course instructors, others are available on the Internet. Even with these resources, students will need to know what to expect when looking at samples.If a student cannot find the sample in the materials that he or she is provided with, he or she may need to find one for his or her own essay. There are online sites that offer suggestions of samples that may be helpful. This is a great way to get the student in the right mindset.For example, if a student looks at a sample which includes the introduction and conclusion, he or she will know that he o r she needs to write a research paper. He or she will also know that it will take him or her a long time to complete. By going online and browsing through samples, a student will get the idea of what writing a paper is all about. By doing this, he or she will be ready for the next step.The whole process is not hard. The trick is to show the student what the demands of the assignment will be. By doing this, the student will be ready to move on to the next level of writing the assignment. He or she will also be ready to have fun when the essay with footnotes is due.

Environment Impact Assessment Process in India and the Drawbacks Essay Example

Environment Impact Assessment Process in India and the Drawbacks Essay ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN INDIA AND THE DRAWBACKS Prepared by – Environment Conservation Team (Aruna Murthy, Himansu Sekhar Patra) September 2005 Vasundhara, 15, Sahid Nagar Bhubaneshwar – 751 007 1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN INDIA AND THE DRAW BACKS INTRODUCTION EIA is an exercise to be carried out before any project or major activity is undertaken to ensure that it will not in any way harm the environment on a short term or long term basis. Any developmental endeavor requires not only the analysis of the need of such a project, the monetary costs and benefits involved but most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the effect of a proposed development on the environment. The environment impact process was introduced with the purpose of identifying /evaluating the potential beneficial and adverse impacts of development projects on the environment, taking in to account environmental, social, cultural and aesthetic considerations. All of these considerations are critical to determine the viability of a project and to decide if a project should be granted environmental clearance. An EIA concentrate on problems, conflicts and natural resource constraints which might affect the viability of a project. It also predicts how the project could harm to people, their homeland, their livelihoods, and the other nearby developmental activities. After predicting potential impacts, the EIA identifies measures to minimize the impacts and suggests ways to improve the project viability. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Impact Assessment Process in India and the Drawbacks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Impact Assessment Process in India and the Drawbacks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environment Impact Assessment Process in India and the Drawbacks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The aim of an EIA is to ensure that potential impacts are identified and addressed at an early stage in the projects planning and design. To achieve this aim, the assessment finding are communicated to all the relevant groups who will make decisions about the proposed projects, the project developers and their investors as well as regulators , planners and the politicians. Having read the conclusions of an environmental impact assessment, project planners and engineers can shape the project so that its benefits can be achieved and sustained with out causing adverse impacts. In recent years, major projects have encountered serious difficulties because insufficient account has been taken of their relationship with the surrounding environment. Some projects have been found to be unsustainable because of resource depletion. Others have been abandoned because of public opposition, financially encumbered by unforeseen costs, held liable for damages to natural resources and even been the cause of disastrous accidents. Given this experience, it is very risky to undertake finance, or approve a major project without first taking in to account its environmental consequences and then siting and designing the project so as to minimize adverse impacts. Due to public pressure on the government to accept accountability for the activities of its agencies the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was formed in USA during 1970. This was the basis for the development of a mechanism which came to be known as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). THE EIA PROCESS IN INDIA The role for EIA was formally recognized at the earth summit held at Rio conference in 1992. Principle 17 of the Rio declaration states that – â€Å"EIA as a national instrument shall be undertaken for the proposed activities that are likely to have significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority†. In India many of the developmental projects till as recently as the 1 980s were implemented with very little or no environmental concerns. The environmental issues began receiving attention when a national committee on environmental planning and coordination was set up under the 4th five year plan (19691978). Till 1980, the subjects of environment and forests were the concern of the Dept of Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture respectively. Later, the issues were formally attended by the Dept of Environment which was established in 1980. This was then upgraded to the Ministry of Environment Forest in 1985. In 1980, clearance of large projects from the environmental angle became an administrative requirement to the extent that the planning commission and the central investment board sought proof of such clearance before according financial sanction. Five year later, the Dept of Environment and Forests, Government of India, issued guidelines for Environmental Assessment of river valley projects. These guidelines require various studies such as impacts on forests and wild life in the submergence zone, water logging potential, upstream and down stream aquatic ecosystems and fisheries, water related diseases, climatic changes and sesmicity. A major legislative measures for the purpose of environmental clearance was in 1994 when specific notification was issued under section 3 and rule 5 of the environment protection Act , 1986 called the â€Å"Environment impact Assessment Notification 1994†. The first step in seeking environmental clearance for a development project is to determine what statutory legislations apply to the particular project. The MOEF has brought out several notifications restricting the development of industries in specified ecologically sensitive areas. In addition there are also draft rules framed for the siting of industries. Environmental clearance for development projects can be obtained either at the state level or at the central level depending on certain criteria concerning the characteristics of the project. However (regardless of where the final environmental clearance is obtained from), for most projects the consent must first be taken from the state pollution control board or pollution control committees in the case of union territories. 3 RESPONSIBILITY OF PREPARATION OF EIA STATEMENT The project proponent is responsible for the preparation of the EIA statement, with the help of external consultant or institution. THE IMPACT ASSESSEMENT AGENCY The MOEF is the agency for environmental clearance. If necessary, it may consult a committee of experts with a composition specified in schedule III of notification. TIMING OF EIA Ideally EIA should provide information to decision makers at early stage of the project planning cycle. It should be initiated as early as possible before the commencement of projects. If the projects secure approval, EIA should include a provision to cover the audit of the project. COST The amount allocated and spent for preparation of EIA by the project proponents are usually abysmally low compared to the overall project costs (often less than 1% of over all projects). 4 LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1. Nuclear Power and related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex, Rare Earths. 2. River Valley projects including hydel power, major Irrigation their combination including flood control. . Ports, Harbours, Airports (except minor ports and harbours). 4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines. 5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than single superphosphate). 6. Pesticides (Technical). 7. Petrochemical complexes (Both Olefinic and Aromatic) and Petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LLDPE, HDPE , PP, PVC. 8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. 9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage. 10. Synthetic Rubber. 11. Asbestos and Asbestos products. 12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives. 13 (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys). (b) Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants). 14. Chlor alkali industry. 15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials required in the manufacture of paints. 16. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn. 17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony alloys. 18. All tourism projects between 200m—500 metres of High Water Line and at locations with an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investment of more than Rs. 5 crores. 19. Thermal Power Plants. 20. Mining projects *(major minerals)* with leases more than 5 hectares. 21. Highway Projects **except projects relating to improvement work including widening and strengthening of roads with marginal land acquisition along the existing alignments provided it does not pass through ecologically sensitive areas such as National Parks, Sanctuaries, Tiger Reserves, Reserve Forests** 22. Tarred Roads in the Himalayas and or Forest areas. 23. Distilleries. 24. Raw Skins and Hides 25. Pulp, paper and newsprint. 26. Dyes. 27. Cement. 28. Foundries (individual) 29. Electroplating 30. Meta amino phenol 5 PROCESS There are two ‘tiers’ of assessment which should be applied to the project before proceeding with a full scale EIA, Screening and preliminary assessment. Where these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory agency. The agency may then decide that either there is nothing to be concerned about or the evaluation should proceed to the next tier. The most important step in the process of obtaining environmental clearance under the EIA notification is for the project proponent to conduct an environmental impact assessment of the project. For this purpose the project proponent engages an environmental consultant to prepare an EIA report. The EIA report must be prepared by incorporation of data during all the four seasons of the year. Such an EIA is termed a â€Å"comprehensive EIA†. How ever, there is provision for a single season collection of data, but this should not be done during the monsoon season. Such an EIA reports is termed a â€Å"Rapid EIA†. There are two tiers of assessment which should be applied to the project before proceeding with a full scale EIA – Screening and Preliminary Assessment. Wherever these first tiers of assessment are a regulatory requirement, the developer normally does the work and submits the results to the regulatory agency. The agency may then decide whether there is anything to be concerned about or whether the evaluation should proceed to the next tier. BEFORE STARTING THE EIA SCREENING: The screening is the first and simplest tier in project evaluation. Screening helps to clear those types of projects, which from past experience are not likely to cause significant environmental problems. The activity may take one of the following several forms: 1- Measurements using simple criteria such as size or location. 2- Comparing the proposal with list of projects rarely needing an EIA (e. g. chools) or definitely needing one (e. g. coal mines). 3- Estimating general impacts (e. g. increased in infrastructure needed) and comparing these impacts against set thresholds. 4- Doing complex analyses, but using readily available data. Draw back in the Indian system: 1- Even though some of the industrial set ups do not require EIA as per the statutory norms, they might involve certain technological processes which cou ld be harmful to the environment, as a result of which such enlisted industries could have potential impacts on the environment and on public health. Exempting industries from the EIA requirements based on the investment value of specific projects is not acceptable. There are no specific studies conducted till now which demonstrate that environmental impacts are always inconsequential for projects under a given value. It is a well established fact that the small scale industries are contributing more pollution with respect to the major industry. 6 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT: If screening does not clear a project, the developer may be required to undertake a preliminary Assessment. This involves sufficient research, review of available data and expert advice in order to identify the key impacts of the project on the local environment, predict the extent of the impacts and briefly evaluate their importance to decision makers. The preliminary assessment can be used to assist early project planning (for instance, to narrow the discussion of possible sites) and it can serve as an early warning to the serious environmental problems that the project may cause. It is in the developer’s interest to do a preliminary assessment since, in practice, this step can clear projects of the need for a full EIA. If after reviewing a preliminary assessment the competent authority deems that a full EIA is needed, the next step for the project developer is the preparation of the EIA report. This entails 1- Commissioning and briefing an independent co-coordinator and expert study team. 2- Identifying the key decision makers who will plan, finance, permit and control the proposed project, so as to characterize the audience for the EIA. 3- Researching laws and regulations that will affect these decisions. 4- Making contact with each of various decision makers. Determining how and when the EIAs finding will be communicated. Draw back in the Indian system: It is being found that the team formed for conducting EIA studies is lacking the expertise in various fields such as Anthropologists and Social Scientists (to study the social impact of the project) or even wild life experts. FORMATION OF AN EIA TEAM: SCOPING: The first task of the EIA study team is scoping the EIA. The aim of scoping is to ensur e that the study address all the issues of importance to the decision makers. First of all the team’s outlook is broadened by the discussions (with the project proponents , decision makers, the regulatory agency, scientific institutions , local community representative and others) to include all the possible issues and concerns raises by various groups. Then the study team selects primary impacts for the EIA to focus upon depending on the basis of magnitude, geographical extent, significance to decision makers or because the area is special locally (e. g. soil erosion, the presence of an endangered species, or a near by historical sites) or is an eco-sensitive area. Draw back in the Indian system: 1- There is a lack of exhaustive ecological and socio-economic indicators for impact assessment. 2- Public comments are not taken into account at the early stage, which often leads to conflict at the later stage of project clearance. 7 MAIN EIA: After â€Å"scoping† the main EIA begins. The EIA attempts to answer five questions basically: 1- What will happen as a result of the project? 2- What will be the extent of the changes? 3- Do the changes matter? 4- What can be done about them? 5- How can decision makers be informed of what needs to be done? The EIA becomes a cyclic process of asking and further asking the first four questions until decision makers can be offered workable solutions. IDENTIFICATION: Identification means the answer to the first question, i. e. â€Å"what will happen as result of the project? † If a preliminary assessment has been done it will have broadly reviewed the projects effect, also scoping will have focused the study on the most important issues for decision makers. Taking these findings in to account the full EIA study now formally identifies those impacts which should be assessed in detail. This identification phase of the study may use these or other methods 1- Compile a list of key impacts (e. g. changes in air quality, noise levels, wild life habitats, species diversity, landscape views, social and cultural systems, settlement patterns and employment levels from other EIA s for similar projects) 2- Name all the projects sources of impacts (e. g. smoke emissions, water consumption, construction jobs) using checklists of questionnaires, then list possible receptors in the environment (e. g. rops, communities using same water for drinking, migrant of labour) by surveying the existing environment and consulting with interested parties. 3- Identify impacts themselves through the use of checklist, matrices, networks, overlays, models and simulations. Draw back in the Indian system: 1- There is always a lack of reliable data sources. 2- The secondary data is also not reliable. 3- The data collectors do not pay respect to the indigenous knowledge of local people. 4- The cred ibility of the primary data collected by the data collectors is doubtful. The next step called predictions answers the EIA’s second question: â€Å"what will be the extent of the changes†. As far as is practicable, prediction scientifically characterizes the impacts causes and effects and its secondary and synergetic consequences for the environment and the local community. Prediction follows an impact within a single environmental parameter (e. g. toxic liquid effluents) in to its subsequent effects in many disciplines (e. g. reduced water quality, adverse impacts on fisheries, economic effects on fishing villages, and resulting socio-cultural changes). Prediction draws on physical, biological, socioeconomic and anthropological data techniques . In quantifying impacts, it may employ mathematical models, physical models, socio cultural models, economic models, experiments or expert judgments. PREDICTION: 8 All prediction techniques by their nature involve some degree of uncertainty. So along with each attempt to quantify an impact, the study team should also quantify the predictions uncertainty in terms of probabilities or margins of error. Draw back in the Indian system: 1- The detail method used for the prediction and evaluation of the project is not mentioned in the report. Limited explanations are given both to quantitative estimation of magnitude of impact and to the assumptions and judgments used in the evaluation of impacts. 2- The limited coverage of scoping is confined mainly to direct impacts. The third question addressed by the EIA – do the changes matter is answered in the next step. Evaluation is so called because it evaluates the predicated adverse impacts to determine whether they are significant enough to warrant mitigation. Thus judgment of significance can be based on one or more of the followings. 1234Comparison with laws, regulations or accepted standards. Consultation with the relevant decision makers. Reference to pre set criteria such as protected sites features of species. Acceptability to the local community or the general public. EVALUATION: MITIGATION: In this phase the study team formally analyses mitigation. A wide range of measures are proposed to prevent, reduce, remedy or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated as significant. Possible mitigation measures include: 1- Changing project sites, routes, processes, raw materials, operating methods, disposal methods, disposal routes or locations, timing or engineering designs. Introducing pollution controls, waste treatment monitoring, phased implementation, landscaping, personal training, special social services or public education. 3- Offering (as compensation) restoration of damaged resources, money to affected persons , concessions on other issues, or off site programmes to enhance some other aspects of the environment or quality of life for the community. All mi tigation measures cost something and this cost must be quantified too. These various measures are then compared, trade-offs between alternative measures are weighed, and the EIA study team proposes one or more action plans, usually combining a number of measures. The action plan may include technical control measures, an integrated management scheme (for a major project) monitoring, contingency plans, operating practices, project scheduling, or even joint management (with affected groups). The study team should explicitly analyze the implications of adopting different alternatives, to help make the choices clearer for the decision makers. Several analytical techniques are available for this purpose as given below: 1- Cost benefit analysis in which all quantifiable factors are converted to monetary values , and actions are assessed for their effect on project costs and benefits 2- Explaining what course of action would follow from various broad ‘value judgments’(e. g. that social impacts are more important than resources) 3- A simple matrix of environmental parameters versus mitigation measures, contain brief description of the effects of each measure. Pair wise comparisons, whereby the effects of an action are briefly compared with the effects of each of the alternative actions are briefly compared with the effects of each of the alternative actions, one pair at a time. Draw back in the Indian system: 1- Details regarding the effectiveness and implementation of mitigation measures are often not provided. 2- Often, and more so for strategic industries such as nuclear energy projected, the EMP s are kept confidential for political and administrative reasons 3- Emergency preparedness plans are not discussed in sufficient details and the information not disseminated to the communities. DOCUMENTATION: The last step in the EIA process, which answers the question – how decision makers be informed of what needs to be done? In documenting an EIA, this means identifying the key decisions makers, perceiving the question they will be asking and providing them with straight forward answers formatted for easy interpretation in relation to their decision making (e. g. tables, graphs, summary, points). Successful EIA documentation is more readily produced if the audience and their needs are established at the start of the EIA, and then made to affect how the research is focused and reported. It is the job of the study team’s communications expert to make this happen. An EIA report should contains: 1234An executive summary of the EIA findings. A description of the proposed development projects. The major environmental and natural resource issues that needed clarification and elaboration. The projects impacts on the environment (in comparison with a base line were identified and predicated. ). 5- A discussion of options for mitigating adverse impacts and for shaping the project to suit its proposed environment, and an analysis of the trade offs involved in choosing between alternative actions. An over view of gaps or uncertainties in the information. 7- A summary of the EIA for the general public. 10 Once the EIA reports has been completed, the project proponent needs to submit 20 copies of the copy of executive summary of the proposed proposal containing the salient features of the project, the form XII prescribed under water rules, 1975, form I prescribed under A ir rules,1983 and other information or documents to the SPCB for getting the non clearance certificate(NOC). On receiving the required documents from the project proponents it is the responsibility of the SPCB to conduct the public hearing. After completion of the public hearing the project proponents has to submit to the secretary of MOEF for the environmental clearance Draw back in the Indian system: One of the biggest concerns with the environmental clearance process is related to the quality of EIA report that are being carried out. The reports are generally incomplete and provided with false data. EIA reports ignore several aspects while carrying out assessments and significant information is found to omitted. Many EIA report are based on single season data and are not adequate to determine whether environmental clearance should be granted. All this makes the entire exercise contrary to its very intent. As things stand today, it is the responsibility of the project proponent to commission the preparation of the EIA for its project. The EIA is actually funded by an agency or individual whose primary interest is to procure clearance for the project proposed. There is little chance that the final assessment presented is un biased, even if the consultant may provide an unbiased assessment that is critical of the proposed project. Some times it is found that a consultancy which is working in the project area has no specialization in the concerned subject. For example for the preparation of EIA report of the proposed oil exploration in coast of Orissa by the reliance group has been given to the life science Dept of Berhampur university which has no expertise on the study of turtles and its life cycle. The EIA document in itself is so bulky and technical, which makes it very difficult to decipher so as to aid in the decision making process. There are so many cases of fraudulent EIA studies where erroneous data has been used, same facts used for two totally different places etc. This is due to the lack of a centralized baseline data bank, where such data can be crosschecked. There is no accreditation of EIA consultants, therefore any such consultant with a track record of fraudulent cases cannot be held liable for discrepancies. It is hard to imagine any consultant after being paid lakh of rupees, preparing a report for the project proponents, indicating that the project is not viable. In nearly every case, the consultants try to interpret and tailor the information looking for ways and means to provide their clients with a report that gives them their moneys worth. ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL PROCEDURE The MOEF is the nodal agency for environmental clearance. The environmental division plays a key role, but the forest and wild life divisions are consulted when projects involve diversion of forestland or the alignment of roads and highways along or within the wild life areas. The project proponents of new projects must submit an application to the secretary, ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi in the standard Performa specified in the EIA notification. The application should be accompanied by a feasibility/ project report, including: 11 Environmental Appraisal questionnaire developed by MOEF. 2 Environment Impact Assessment Report. 3 Environment Management Plan and disaster Management plan 4 Details of public Hearing as in schedule IV of the notification (where ever necessary) 5 Rehabilitation plans (where ever necessary) 6 Forest clearance certificate (where ever necessary) 7 NOC from the state pollution control board (SPCB) The applicat ion is evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA). The IAA may consult a committee of experts constituted by it or other body authorized by it in this regard, if necessary. The composition of the expert team is described in the box no-2 The committee has full right of entry and inspection of the site or factory premises prior to, during or after the commencement of the project . The IAA prepares a set of recommendations based on technical assessment of documents and data , furnished by the project authorities or collected during visits to sites or factories and details of public hearing. The assessment shall be completed with in 90 days from receipt of documents and data from the project authorities and completion of public hearing and decision conveyed within 30 days there after. If granted the clearance shall be valid for a period of five years for commencement of the construction or operation of the project. Draw back in the Indian system: There are several concerns with reference to the granting of environmental clearance of projects. Firstly, for projects that require site clearance it is often assumed by project proponents that once site clearance is granted, environmental clearance will follow. As a result, many project proponents begin construction of the project components (like housing colonies, roads), even before the environmental clearance is granted. This is despite the fact that it has been specified in the EIA notification that this should not be done. At another level, when environmental clearance is granted despite public objection / rejection , the reasons for the same are not conveyed to all those who have sent in written objections and/or attended the public hearing. There are very few ways to get information regarding project clearances. For those with access to the internet, the MOEF website seems to be of some help. However, very often the information on the website is updated much after the decision is taken. 12 For citizens and communities who do not have access to the internet, this information is not available. The availability of this information immediately after a decision on the clearance is taken is of crucial importance, in case it needs to be challenged before the National Environment Appellate Authority. The environmental clearance process after the public hearing appears to be a closed door secretive process as far as the public is concerned. In cases of environmental clearance being granted, the public have no access to the rational behind which the clearance was given. All that emits from the ministry are the conditions and recommendations based on which clearance is granted which often does not address the whole gamut of concerns and issues raised during public hearing. PUBLIC HEARING PROCESS IN INDIA A fully informed public participation has been recognized as an essential element in EIA. However, it was noted that public participation was a difficult exercise particularly if it led to a conflict between government policies and the public. Public hearing is not just an administrative exercise wherein a hearing is conducted to meet the requirements of the legislations. It is a measure to disclose all the relevant information regarding a developmental project to various sections of society, which are either affected by its implementation or have interests in project. In India public hearing of development projects has been made mandatory for environmental clearance by the Amendment to the EIA Notification of April 10, 1997 (Box no-3). The salient features of the public hearings notification are as follows: Notice for public hearing: The SPCB must issue notice for environmental public hearing by publishing it in at least two newspapers circulated in the region around the project. One of the publications must be in the vernacular language of the locality concerned. The date, time and place of public hearing should be mentioned in the newspaper article. The notice must be given at least 30 days prior to the public hearing. Involvement of the public: Written suggestions, views, comments and objection by the public can be handed over to the SPCB within 30 days from the date of publication of the notice. Oral /written suggestions can be made to the SPCB during the public hearing. Who can participate? All the affected person, including residents residing in and around the project site or the site of displacement or site of alleged adverse environmental impact. It also includes environmental groups and any association of persons whether incorporated or not, likely to be affected by the project and/or functioning in the field of environment. Persons who own or have control over the project can also participate. Access to the documents: The public are entitled to have access to the executive summary containing the salient features of the project, both in English as well as the lo